On paper, New York is the perfect place for a high-speed fiber network: its rich, densely packed, and riddled with old conduits that could be used to house the new infrastructure. The fiber would have to be laid in a maze of underground tunnels and ducts, maintained by a Verizon subsidiary called Empire City Subway (or ECS). Its led advocates like Susan Crawford to call for the city to step in, mandating a subterranean clean-up from ECS and opening the door for new fiber businesses in New York.