It’s a question scientists have been struggling with since a Laval University study published in April, which looked at children born to mothers who’d undergone gastric bypass surgery prior to their pregnancy. Researchers knew the children were less prone to obesity, but as they tried to figure out why, they found something unexpected. The children’s genes were different — not their genetic code itself, but the markers in between that code. The surgery had changed something in the mother’s DNA, and when the children were born just a few years later, it appeared to have changed in them too.