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Vaccinations have been credited with some of humanitys greatest health technological triumphs over disease, including drastically reducing polio around the globe and almost eliminating smallpox entirely. But how many people have been spared life-threatening infections thanks to the introduction of vaccines? The study, a mammoth undertaking that tracked nearly 88 million cases of disease throughout thousands of Americas biggest cities and extrapolated all the likely additional cases had their not been vaccines, was published at the end of November in the New England Journal of Medicine. It focused on seven vaccine-preventable diseases: polio, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis A, diphtheria and whooping cough, and then tracked the number of cases following the introduction of vaccines.