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Contests between states in the so-called gray zone between war and peace have been increasing for some time in cyberspace. In Ukraine, cyberattacks have been recorded more frequently over the past few years, with high-profile attacks against its electrical power infrastructure in 2015 by BlackEnergy and in 2016 by Industroyer.
In 2017, the notorious NotPetya ransomware attack also struck Ukraine, which started by planting a backdoor on the update server of a popular Ukrainian accounting software provider that then sent a malicious update to customers and wiped out computers in Ukraine, even ripping through the systems of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.